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Trend artwork 3D photo collage sketch image of young sad stressed lady with headache burnout deadline overloaded tired work in office

<p>When it comes to losing weight — whether you’re using GLP-1 medications, preparing for bariatric surgery, or working with medical providers — stress can play a powerful role. Stress isn’t just “feeling busy.” It triggers real biological systems that affect how your body uses energy, your appetite, and your food choices. Understanding these science-based links can help you manage weight more effectively.&nbsp;</p><h2>What Happens in the Body During Stress</h2><p>When you experience stress — from work, family, finances, or health challenges — your brain activates a network called the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This system signals your adrenal glands to release hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones were designed to help you respond to real threats by providing quick energy.&nbsp;</p><p>Short-term stress can actually suppress appetite and cause small, temporary weight changes. This is because some stress hormones reduce hunger to focus energy on dealing with the immediate challenge.</p><p>But most stress in daily life is chronic, not short bursts. Chronic stress keeps these hormonal systems turned on longer than they should be. That continuous signaling changes how your body manages energy, hunger, and fat storage.&nbsp;</p><h2>How Chronic Stress Affects Weight Regulation</h2><p>Scientists have found that chronic stress can impact weight in several ways:</p><h3>1. Increased appetite and cravings:&nbsp;</h3><p>&nbsp;Stress hormones can make your body crave high-calorie foods — especially sugary, salty, or high-fat options. These cravings are linked to changes in appetite hormones and reward pathways in the brain.&nbsp;</p><h3>2. Fat storage signals:</h3><p>&nbsp;Long-term cortisol exposure may promote energy storage, especially around the belly. This type of fat is metabolically active and linked to higher risk for diabetes and heart disease.&nbsp;</p><h3>3. Disrupted metabolism:</h3><p>&nbsp;Stress can interfere with how your body uses glucose (blood sugar) and how quickly it burns calories. Some studies have shown that stressed individuals burn fewer calories after meals compared to non-stressed individuals.&nbsp;</p><h3>4. Behavioral effects:</h3><p>&nbsp;Beyond hormones, stress changes behavior. People under stress may skip meals, overeat, move less, or choose high-calorie comfort foods without realizing it. These patterns make it harder to stay consistent with nutrition and activity plans.&nbsp;</p><p>For people in medical weight-loss care, these stress effects can happen even when medication or surgery is helping with appetite and biology. In other words, the body’s stress response can counteract some mechanisms that help with weight regulation unless it’s actively managed.</p><h2>What You Can Do (Specific Action Steps)</h2><p>Here are four practical, evidence-aligned actions to help manage stress in ways that support weight regulation:</p><h3>1. Improve sleep quality and consistency</h3><p>Sleep deprivation increases stress hormones and appetite signals. Aim for 7–9 hours nightly, with a <strong>regular bed and wake time</strong>. Basic sleep hygiene, dark room, limited screens before bed, and consistent wake times, can lower stress hormone activity over time. For me, consistency is by far the most controllable aspect of sleep, so this is where we get to take charge of our body's systems.&nbsp;</p><h3>2. Schedule short daily stress breaks</h3><p>Practices like deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, or short mindfulness sessions (5–10 minutes) have been shown to reduce cortisol response during the day. These don’t require big commitments, but consistency matters. Some of the first tools I teach clients are easy and effective deep breathing techniques.&nbsp;</p><h3>3. Prioritize movement you enjoy</h3><p>Moderate activity lowers stress hormone production over time. This could be brisk walking, swimming, yoga, or resistance training. The goal is regular, sustainable movement, not exhausting workouts that add stress.</p><h3>4. Build small, reliable routines</h3><p>Stress often comes from unpredictability. Structured routines around meals, sleep, and work can reduce the everyday “fight or flight” signaling that disrupts metabolism. Routines are especially helpful when you’re adjusting to medications or post-surgery schedules.</p><p>Each of these actions targets both biological stress pathways and behavior patterns that influence weight regulation. And note the importance of consistency in all of these behavioral habits.&nbsp;</p><h3>Why it Matters for Your Weight Journey</h3><p>If you’re pursuing medical weight-loss pathways like GLP-1 therapy or bariatric surgery, addressing stress is not optional. Stress hormones interact with appetite, energy expenditure, and food reward systems in ways that can blunt progress if left unmanaged.</p><p>Addressing stress is not about eliminating every challenge. It’s about building the physiological support systems that make your weight-regulation plan more effective and sustainable.</p><p>If you want tailored support for stress management alongside your weight-loss care, consider working with us. Our coaching integrates behavior change strategies grounded in science to help you regulate weight more reliably and feel more in control of your journey.</p><p><span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-style="text-decoration: underline;">Reference List&nbsp;</span></p><ol><li>Kyrou, I., &amp; Tsigos, C. (2016). Stress hormones: Physiological stress and regulation of metabolism. Current Research in Physiology, 3, 1–8.</li><li>Adam, T. C., &amp; Epel, E. S. (2007). Stress, eating and the reward system. Physiology &amp; Behavior, 91(4), 449–458.</li><li>Björntorp, P. (2001). Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities? Obesity Reviews, 2(2), 73–86.</li><li>McEwen, B. S. (2004). Protection and damage from acute and chronic stress: Allostasis and allostatic overload. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1032, 1–7.</li><li>Tomiyama, A. J., et al. (2011). Chronic psychological stress and obesity: A systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 12(5), e168–e181.</li><li>Tsigos, C., &amp; Chrousos, G. P. (2002). Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53(4), 865–871.</li></ol><p><br></p>

Stress and Weight: How Your Body’s Response Affects Weight Regulation

Young woman practicing deep breathing exercise at home

<h3>Introduction: The Benefits of Deep Breathing</h3><p>Mastering deep breathing for instant calm is a powerful technique that can significantly impact your mental and physical health. This practice is widely applicable to various conditions, making it an essential coping tool. One of the best things about deep breathing is that you can do it anywhere, anytime, and no one knows you're using a coping tool. By incorporating these techniques into your daily routine, you can enhance relaxation, reduce anxiety, and improve your overall well-being.</p><h3>The Importance of Diaphragmatic Breathing</h3><p>To maximize the benefits of deep breathing, it's crucial to engage your diaphragm rather than just your lungs. If we only breathe shallowly into our lungs, our efforts at relaxation can be wasted. To ensure you're breathing deeply with your belly, follow these steps:</p><ol><li><strong>Position Your Hands: </strong>Place one hand on your chest and the other on your belly.</li><li><strong>Inhale Deeply: </strong>As you take a deep breath in, focus on allowing the hand on your belly to rise. Your chest hand and shoulders should remain still.</li><li><strong>Observe the Movement: </strong>The goal is for the belly hand to raise up and down while the chest hand stays motionless.</li></ol><p>This practice of diaphragmatic breathing is a prerequisite for effective relaxation techniques, and you should ensure you are breathing with your belly before trying the relaxation tools discussed in this blog.</p><h3>Benefits of Deep Breathing for Calm</h3><p>Deep breathing offers numerous benefits, including:</p><ol><li><strong>Enhancing Sleep Quality: </strong>Using deep breathing before bedtime can boost relaxation and prepare your body for restful sleep. If you wake up in the middle of the night feeling anxious, deep breathing techniques can help you return to a calm state, easing you back into sleep.</li><li><strong>Improving Exercise Recovery: </strong>Mastering deep breathing can also be beneficial during exercise. By incorporating these techniques, you can recover more quickly between difficult sets, sprints, or rounds in training, helping you maintain performance and reduce fatigue.</li><li><strong>Alleviating Stress: </strong>Deep breathing activates the body's relaxation response, helping to lower heart rate and blood pressure, leading to an overall sense of calm.</li></ol><h3>How to Master Deep Breathing: Techniques to Explore</h3><p>In this section, we will explore two of my personal favorite techniques: the physiological sigh and box (square) breathing. Both methods are highly effective but applied differently.</p><p><strong>The Physiological Sigh</strong></p><p>The physiological sigh is a specific breathing technique that helps rapidly calm the nervous system. Research has shown that it can be particularly effective in alleviating anxiety and stress.</p><ol><li><strong>Take a Deep Breath: </strong>Inhale deeply through your nose.</li><li><strong>Slight Pause: </strong>Hold for a moment.</li><li><strong>Short Breath In:</strong>Take another short breath in.</li><li><strong>Long Sigh Out: </strong>Exhale fully through your mouth, letting out a long sigh.</li></ol><p>Try this process three times and notice a sense of calm beginning to settle.</p><p>To enhance your experience, I will also provide an audio clip that guides you through the physiological sigh.</p><p><strong>Box Breathing</strong></p><p>While the physiological sigh is my go-to during workouts, before bed, or when concluding a workout, box breathing is my preferred coping tool in many situations. This technique serves two essential purposes. First, it acts as a grounding exercise by incorporating counting into the breathing process, allowing us to engage with the present moment.</p><p>This grounding aspect is crucial, especially when stressors can pull our focus away from the here and now. By pairing this grounding technique with controlled breathing, we can effectively shift our bodies from a state of fight or flight (sympathetic nervous system) back into relaxation (parasympathetic nervous system). This combination of body and mind practices creates a powerful method for alleviating stress and calming the nervous system.</p><p><strong>Steps for Box Breathing</strong></p><ol><li><strong>Inhale for a Count of Four: </strong>Begin by inhaling deeply through your nose for a count of four, filling your lungs completely. (1... 2... 3... 4)</li><li><strong>Hold Your Breath for a Count of Four: </strong>After your inhalation, hold your breath for another count of four. (1... 2... 3... 4)</li><li><strong>Exhale for a Count of Four:</strong> Slowly release all the air from your lungs through your mouth for a count of four. (1... 2... 3... 4)</li><li><strong>Hold Your Breath at the Bottom for a Count of Four: </strong>Once you’ve exhaled, hold your breath at the bottom for yet another count of four. (1... 2... 3... 4)</li><li><strong>Repeat the Cycle: </strong>Work through this cycle five times, focusing on your breath and observing how you feel with each round.</li></ol><p><strong>Important Considerations for Box Breathing</strong></p><p>It's essential to recognize that when your body is in an activated state, the breath holds—especially at the bottom—can feel quite uncomfortable. This discomfort often signals your anxious mind demanding more oxygen to maintain its activated state. It’s crucial to acknowledge this urge as a normal response rather than a sign to stop.</p><p>As you practice box breathing, take note of any discomfort but continue with the technique. By doing so, you’re teaching yourself to manage this discomfort for the benefit of your overall health. This skill becomes another critical tool in your toolkit for coping with stress and anxiety.</p><h3>Summary</h3><p>Mastering deep breathing for instant calm can help you manage stress and promote relaxation. Techniques like the physiological sigh and box breathing provide effective ways to enhance your well-being. These practices can be done anytime and anywhere, allowing you to harness the power of your breath as a coping tool. Remember to listen to your body, especially during breath holds, and continue practicing to build your resilience against discomfort.</p><h3>Final Thoughts &amp; Join the Journey</h3><p>Congratulations on taking the time for yourself today! By exploring deep breathing techniques like the physiological sigh and box breathing, you’re taking meaningful steps toward managing stress and enhancing your overall well-being.</p>

Mastering Deep Breathing for Instant Calm

Healthy sleeping, sleep hygiene concept. Young man sleeping in comfy bed at home, copy space, top view

<h3>Why Sleep Hygiene Matters</h3><p>Sleep is essential to our health and well-being, yet many people struggle to get quality rest. One of the most effective ways to improve your sleep is by practicing good sleep hygiene. Sleep hygiene refers to habits and practices that promote consistent, high-quality sleep. Understanding how to wind down before bed can transform restless nights into restorative slumber.</p><p>In my practice, I’ve seen firsthand how simple changes can yield significant benefits. For example, one client—a busy professional—implemented a straightforward bedtime routine. Within weeks, he reported feeling that sleep was no longer a dreaded activity, and although not every night was a success - he felt empowered to implement his skills to get to sleep. His experience mirrors research showing how small, manageable adjustments can make a big impact on sleep quality.</p><h3>The Science of Winding Down for the Night</h3><p>Research highlights the importance of establishing a routine to prepare the body and mind for rest. In a study involving 300 participants, behaviors like maintaining a consistent bedtime and avoiding negative emotional triggers significantly improved sleep quality. Factors such as sunlight exposure during the day and avoiding heavy meals before bed also played a role.</p><p>Moreover, a separate study on Yoga Nidra—a meditative practice—found it highly effective for relaxation and sleep enhancement. Participants reported a 31% decrease in negative affect and significant improvements in perceived sleep quality. These findings suggest that adopting calming practices before bed can help you wind down effectively.</p><h3>Tips on How to Wind Down Before Bed</h3><p>The key to winding down is creating a calming pre-sleep routine. Here are some practical tips:</p><p><strong>1. Set a Consistent Sleep Schedule</strong><br>Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, even on weekends. This trains your internal clock, making it easier to fall asleep and wake up naturally.</p><p><strong>2. Limit Screen Time</strong><br>Avoid using smartphones, tablets, or other electronic devices at least an hour before bed. Studies show that blue light emitted from screens can delay the release of melatonin, a hormone crucial for sleep.</p><p><strong>3. Create a Relaxing Environment</strong><br>Ensure your bedroom is cool, dark, and quiet. Use blackout curtains, a white noise machine, or an eye mask if needed. Investing in a comfortable mattress and pillows can also make a big difference.</p><p><strong>4. Practice Mind-Body Relaxation Techniques</strong><br>Incorporate practices like Yoga Nidra or meditation into your bedtime routine. These activities can calm the mind and body, making it easier to transition to sleep.</p><p><strong>5. Avoid Caffeine and Heavy Meals</strong><br>Caffeine and large meals close to bedtime can disrupt your sleep. Instead, opt for a light snack if you’re hungry, such as a banana or a handful of almonds.</p><p><strong>6. Engage in Gentle Activities</strong><br>Spend the hour before bed doing something relaxing, like reading a book, journaling, or taking a warm bath. These activities signal your body that it’s time to wind down.</p><p><br data-mce-bogus="1"></p>

How to Wind Down: Mastering the Art of Sleep Hygiene

Torn paper head and the words fear stress and anxiety. Represents mental health struggles and emotional distress.

<h2>Understanding Anxiety: The Evolutionary Perspective</h2><p>When discussing anxiety with my clients, I often remind them: Anxiety is a fear response. To truly understand why we experience it, I like to turn to evolutionary biology. Our fear response, which triggers anxiety, is essential to our survival. In ancient times, fear kept us safe by preparing us for real-world threats—like food shortages, dangerous animals, or neighboring tribes. This fear response was our natural instinct to fight or flee to ensure survival.</p><h3>The Shift to Internal Threats</h3><p>Fast forward to today, and the world has changed dramatically, but our fear response hasn’t evolved as quickly. While we’re no longer facing saber-toothed tigers or hostile tribes, we’re still being triggered by threats. However, in the modern world, these threats are often internal—things like work stress, social anxiety, financial worries, and personal insecurities. These are not threats we can physically run from or fight in the traditional sense. In fact, this disconnect can leave us feeling helpless.</p><h3>The Fight-or-Flight Response No Longer Serves Us</h3><p>Our brains are hardwired to respond to these internal threats as if they were life-or-death situations. The natural response is to either fight or flee—but these options are ineffective when the threat is emotional or mental. You can’t fight your racing thoughts or run away from your anxious feelings.</p><p>When we try to fight or flee from anxiety, we inadvertently intensify it. Anxiety typically gets louder when we resist it, and we find ourselves caught in a cycle of trying to outrun or overpower something that’s not physically present. This often leads to a sense of frustration and helplessness, and ultimately, the anxiety becomes more pervasive.</p><h3>The Losing Battle: Fighting Anxiety</h3><p>&nbsp;<br>We often end up anxious about being anxious. This is a common experience for many people—feeling anxious because of the anxiety itself. In our attempts to suppress the discomfort, we inadvertently engage in a losing battle with our own emotions. We think, “If I could just stop feeling this way, everything would be okay.” But the harder we try to stop the anxiety, the stronger it becomes, much like trying to fight against a tide that only pulls you deeper into the water.</p><p>This cycle can lead to an even greater activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the fight-or-flight response. When we engage in this unproductive battle, our bodies stay in a heightened state of alertness, preparing us for a threat that doesn’t truly exist. Our pulse quickens, our muscles tense, and our minds race.</p><h3>Anxiety's Impact: More Than Just the "Fight or Flight" Response</h3><p>In extreme cases, this heightened anxiety can lead to a panic attack—a sudden, overwhelming surge of fear and physical symptoms that may feel like we are losing control. However, even when we don’t experience panic attacks, the ongoing battle with anxiety can lead to more subtle but equally damaging consequences:</p><p><strong>Avoiding meaningful activities:</strong><br>As anxiety increases, we may start avoiding situations that trigger it. This can lead to missing out on opportunities, whether at work, in social situations, or even in our personal growth.</p><p><strong>Falling short on goals:</strong><br>Anxiety can rob us of motivation. The fear of failure or fear of what might go wrong can cause us to procrastinate or avoid taking action on important goals. This can contribute to a cycle of self-doubt and feelings of inadequacy.</p><p><br><strong>Distraction and disengagement:</strong><br>The more we struggle against anxiety, the more we may find ourselves distracted by it. We might become so preoccupied with managing or avoiding anxiety that we forget about what truly matters—engaging in life and pursuing our goals.</p><h3>The Takeaway</h3><p>Understanding anxiety through this evolutionary lens helps us see that nothing is “wrong” with us—our brains are simply doing what they were designed to do. The problem is that today’s worries don’t match yesterday’s threats, so the old fight-or-flight system often misfires. When we stop battling anxiety and start acknowledging it for what it is—a protective instinct that’s gotten confused—we can begin to loosen its grip. From that place, we can refocus our energy on what truly matters: showing up for our lives, pursuing our goals, and taking meaningful steps toward the future we want.</p><p>In the next chapter, we’ll dive deeper into how Acceptance—a key skill from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)—can help us build a healthier relationship with anxiety and regain control.</p><p><br></p><p><br></p>

Understanding Anxiety: An Evolutionary Perspective

Smiling Woman Resting by the River After a Morning Jog

<p>In the quest for a happier life, exercise might just be the secret ingredient. Beyond the physical perks like weight management and better cardiovascular health, regular activity has proven psychological benefits, including enhanced mood and greater life satisfaction. It’s not just hearsay—science confirms that physical exercise and happiness are linked, exercise makes you happy.</p><p>This article will explore how physical activity influences happiness, supported by research, expert recommendations, and practical tips. Let’s answer the question: does working out make you happier?</p><h2>The Science Behind Exercise and Happiness</h2><p><br>Scientific studies repeatedly show that exercise positively impacts mental health and emotional well-being. The Cleveland Clinic reports that the American Psychiatric Association now recognizes exercise as a viable treatment for depression. This endorsement stems from numerous studies demonstrating that physical activity—whether aerobic or strength-based—can reduce depressive symptoms.</p><p>What’s more, the Cleveland Clinic highlights how even modest amounts of exercise, like 150 minutes per week (or five 30-minute sessions), can improve mood and reduce stress. For individuals struggling with depression, noticeable improvements may occur in as little as four weeks of consistent activity (source).</p><p>But exercise isn’t just for those with mental health conditions. It benefits anyone seeking to feel more balanced and emotionally resilient. The question “Why does exercising make you happy?” has a biological answer: physical activity releases endorphins, serotonin, and dopamine—neurotransmitters that create feelings of happiness, calm, and satisfaction.</p><h3>Exercise and Happiness Across All Ages</h3><p><br>Exercise isn’t age-specific when it comes to its happiness-boosting effects. A comprehensive 2020 study published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health explored how physical activity affects happiness and life satisfaction in young, middle-aged, and older adults (source).</p><p>The study analyzed data from over 2,300 individuals and found that higher levels of physical activity consistently correlated with increased happiness, regardless of age. Participants who engaged in moderate or high levels of activity reported greater life satisfaction compared to those with minimal exercise routines. Interestingly, the study also noted that happiness tends to increase with age, and staying active amplifies this effect.</p><p>In short, whether you’re 20 or 70, staying physically active can contribute to a more fulfilling, happier life.</p><h3>Why Does Exercising Make You Happy?</h3><p><br>Exercise offers a unique combination of physical, emotional, and psychological benefits that work together to improve mood and life satisfaction. Here’s why working out makes you feel better:</p><ul><li><strong>Endorphin Release: </strong>Physical activity triggers the release of endorphins—your body’s natural mood boosters. These chemicals help reduce feelings of pain and create a sense of euphoria.</li><li><strong>Stress Reduction:</strong> Exercise lowers cortisol levels, the hormone associated with stress, leaving you feeling calmer and more relaxed.<br>Improved Sleep: Regular activity promotes better sleep, which is essential for maintaining emotional balance and mental clarity.</li><li><strong>Sense of Achievement: </strong>Setting and achieving fitness goals can enhance self-esteem and foster a sense of accomplishment.<br>Social Connections: Group workouts or community-based activities often provide opportunities to build meaningful relationships, further enriching your emotional well-being.<br>Together, these factors explain why exercise makes you happy in both the short and long term.</li></ul><h3>The Broader Benefits of Physical Exercise</h3><p><br>While happiness is a standout benefit of exercise, it’s far from the only one. Staying active offers numerous advantages that contribute to overall wellness:</p><ul><li><strong>Chronic Disease Prevention: </strong>Regular exercise helps manage blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels, reducing the risk of heart disease and diabetes.</li><li><strong>Stronger Bones and Muscles:</strong> Engaging in physical activity improves flexibility, balance, and muscle strength while fortifying your bones.</li><li><strong>Weight Management: </strong>Exercise helps maintain a healthy weight, improving both physical health and self-confidence.<br>By combining these benefits with the mental health perks, it’s clear that exercise is a cornerstone of a healthier, more fulfilling life (source).</li></ul><h3>Exercise Happy: Simple Ways to Get Started</h3><p><br>One of the most common barriers to exercise is the misconception that it requires extensive time or effort. However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends just 150 minutes of moderate activity per week—easily broken into manageable chunks of 20–30 minutes a day. Even this relatively brief period can take advantage of the link between physical exercise and happiness. Here are some practical ways to incorporate exercise into your routine:</p><ul><li><strong>Aerobic Activities:</strong> Walking, running, biking, or swimming can elevate your heart rate and lift your spirits.</li><li><strong>Strength Training:</strong> Bodyweight exercises, like push-ups and squats, can improve your physical strength and boost your confidence.</li><li><strong>Mind-Body Workouts: </strong>Practices like yoga or Pilates combine movement with mindfulness, enhancing both mental and physical well-being.<br>By starting small and gradually increasing your activity, you’ll find that exercise becomes a natural and rewarding part of your daily routine.</li></ul><h3>Does Working Out Make You Happier? Answering Common Questions<br></h3><ol><li><strong>Does exercise make you happy instantly?</strong> While endorphins can elevate your mood right after a workout, the most profound effects come from sustained, regular activity over weeks or months.</li><li><strong>Why does exercising make you happy even if you don’t enjoy it?</strong> Even if the activity itself isn’t immediately enjoyable, the physiological and psychological benefits—like better sleep and reduced stress—translate into greater happiness overall.</li><li><strong>Can exercise make you happy if you’re out of shape? </strong>Yes! The benefits of exercise apply to everyone, regardless of fitness level. Start with low-impact activities and build from there.</li></ol><h3>Conclusion: Happiness is Within Your Reach</h3><p><br>So what is the link between physical exercise and happiness? Exercise is a powerful tool for cultivating happiness and improving overall quality of life. Whether you’re looking to reduce stress, enhance your mood, or boost your physical health, incorporating regular activity into your routine can make a world of difference.</p><p>As the Cleveland Clinic reminds us, even small steps can lift the “fog” of depression and stress. So why wait? Start with 30 minutes a day, and let your journey to happiness begin.</p>

Physical Exercise and Happiness

NouraLife

NouraLife is a Maine‑based wellness coaching and education platform that offers educational content and personalized mental‑health and nutrition coaching for individuals seeking a higher level of care. The business is just starting out.

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Stress and Weight: How Your Body’s Response Affects Weigh...

Mastering Deep Breathing for Instant Calm

How to Wind Down: Mastering the Art of Sleep Hygiene

Understanding Anxiety: An Evolutionary Perspective

Physical Exercise and Happiness